“Nothing is as practical as a good theory.”
KURT LEWIN
Struktura analizy
Dokumenty, które tworzę, maja strukturę typowej pracy naukowej, czyli składają się z następujących części:
Wprowadzenie: jak wygląda sytuacja, co jest problemem do rozwiązania (np. w danej organizacji), jak go stwierdzono, jakie fakty świadczą o tym, jaki jest cel.
Opis użytych metod.
Opis działania badanej organizacji, rekomendacje.
Opis rekomendowanego rozwiązania: projekt zmian organizacyjnych, opis (projekt) rekomendowanego oprogramowania, itp.
Opis dalszych prac i podsumowanie.
Rejestr wszelkich wyjaśnień udzielonych w kwestii treści dokumentu i jego rozszerzeń.
Zainteresowanych szczegółami zapraszam do dalszej lektury tego artykułu.
Krótko o metodzie naukowej
Dużo piszę na blogu o analizie wymagań opartej na modelach i analizie systemowej, jako podstawie metodyki prowadzenia analiz. Są to ogólnie tak zwane metody naukowe . Cechy tego podejścia:
Idealny, praktyczny model metody naukowej
Tradycyjnie, niezależnie od rozmaitych kwestii filozoficznych i społecznych, zazwyczaj przyjmuje się, że na metodę naukową składa się następujący zbiór czynności :
Obserwacje wstępne
Budowanie hipotezy
Wykonywanie rzetelnych eksperymentów weryfikujących hipotezę lub rzetelne zbieranie danych historycznych mających potwierdzić teorię lub jej zaprzeczyć
Przyjęcie lub odrzucenie hipotezy w oparciu o zebrane dane.
Powtarzanie procedury – czyli stała weryfikacja starych i budowanie nowych hipotez w momencie gdy stare przestają się sprawdzać.
Ponadto, wyniki badań naukowych poddane muszą być krytyce innych naukowców.
Jednym z podstawowych narzędzi metod naukowych, jest tak zwana idealizacja:
Idealizacyjna Koncepcja Nauki Punktem wyjścia idealizacyjnej koncepcji nauki było spostrzeżenie (1968, ss.80n., 1970a, 1971a […]), że wbrew indukcjonizmowi, nauki empiryczne nie uogólniają faktów empirycznych w prawa ? prawa mówią o gazach (rynkach, prawodawcach, itd.) doskonałych a fakty notorycznie wydarzają się gazom (rynkom, prawodawcom, itd.) dalekim od doskonałości, bo ?realnie istniejącym?. .
Idealizacja polega rozpoczynaniu wyjaśniania dokonanych obserwacji z użyciem minimalnego modelu. Model tej jest testowany kolejnymi faktami i rozszerzany jest o ile wymaga tego wyjaśnienie kolejnych faktów. Po kilku takich iteracjach model poddawany jest krytyce innych obserwatorów, może być dalej poprawiany lub uznany za poprawny (niepodważony). Na tym etapie uznajemy, że tak powstały model wyjaśnia obserwowane fakty: jest naukową teorią wyjaśniającą (metodologia nauk ). Idealizacja, jako narzędzie, znalazła także zastosowanie na polu analiz biznesowych .
A co na naszym analitycznym podwórku?
Pojęcie model pojawia się w projektach analitycznych niemalże w 100% przypadków. Potocznie mówi się, że powstają modele procesów biznesowych, modele przypadków użycia, modele dziedziny systemu i wiele innych. Warto jednak wiedzieć, że co prawda modelem bywa nawet pojedynczy diagram (schemat blokowy), jednak jeżeli mówimy o modelu działania jakiejś organizacji (urząd, przedsiębiorstwo, inne) to jest on raczej bardziej złożony i przedstawiany jest na wielu różnych diagramach. Często stosowane jest pojęcie perspektywy modelowania, co znaczy, że tworzymy kontekstowy opis działania. Tak kontrastowość polega na pomijaniu jednych aspektów mechanizmu działania organizacji na korzyść innych.
Jeżeli opisujemy organizację z perspektywy kolejności realizowanych zadań i ich produktów abstrahując całkowicie od tego jakich narzędzi używają wykonawcy tych czynności, tworzymy model procesów biznesowych. Model taki pokazuje jakie zadania, i w jakim celu, są realizowane. Z tego powodu jest uzupełniany modelem reguł biznesowych (logika realizacji procesów) i modelem pojęciowym (jednoznaczność), tłumaczącym znaczenia pojęć użytych w tych modelach. Skoro są ludzie i używają narzędzi do pracy, pojawia się także potrzeba opisania tych narzędzi. Powodem jest zrozumienie tego jak działają i jak pomagają ludziom w realizacji ich zadań, część z nich służy do automatyzowania pewnych prac. Jednym z takich narzędzi jest oprogramowanie (aplikacja) a ich opis to albo dokumentacja aplikacji istniejącej, albo projekt planowanej do wykonania i dostarczenia.
Tu pojawia się zadanie: zrozumieć jak działa organizacja i zaprojektować narzędzie, które będzie pomagało w zadaniach jakie ona realizuje. Rzecz w tym, że oprogramowanie jako narzędzie nie jest zamawiane jako “coś czego wymaga organizacja” a jako “coś co wesprze jej działanie”, narzędzie stanowiące “rozwiązanie” problemu jaki chce rozwiązać zamawiający.
Gdzie tu miejsce na naukowe metody? Mamy dwa zadania do wykonania:
opracować model działania organizacji czyli opracować teorią wyjaśniającą to, co się w niej dzieje,
opracować projekt rozwiązania czyli zbudować mechanizm działania narzędzia, które umieszczone w tej organizacji, rozwiąże problem opisany przez zamawiającego; to narzędzie może być zrealizowane jako oprogramowanie.
Potocznie pierwszy etap nazywany jest Analizą biznesową drugi to Projektowanie logiki oprogramowania. Przyjmując, że stosujemy naukowe podejście, najpierw tworzymy model organizacji a potem model logiki potrzebnego jej oprogramowania (teorie mówiące, że tak to działa), testujemy je i uznajemy za poprawne, jeżeli nie udało ich podważyć. Na tym blogu znajdzie opis takiego procesu pod nazwą MDA . Jednak jeżeli naukowo to opieramy się wyłącznie na faktach (czyli nie prowadzimy wywiadów a analizujemy dokumenty).
Po kolei:
obserwacje to analiza tego co i jak się w firmie dzieje (analiza faktów czyli dokumentów, wywiady tylko w ostateczności),
budowanie hipotezy to tworzenie modelu logiki działania (procesowego, obiektowego) tej firmy,
eksperymenty to testowanie modeli poprzez sprawdzanie czy są jakieś fakty w organizacji, których nie potrafimy wyjaśnić naszym modelem,
przyjęcie lub odrzucenie i “naprawa” hipotezy czyli ulepszanie modelu (jeśli był wadliwy).
Moje projekty to nic innego jak konkretne powstałe specyfikacje wymagań na oprogramowanie stanowiące sobą tak na prawdę modele mechanizmu działania. Spełnienie wymagań to zgodność zachowania oprogramowania z opisanym (wymaganym) mechanizmem, zgodność tę sprawdzamy testami.
Na koniec o tym czym jest hipoteza:
Hipoteza – osąd, teoria, która nie znalazła jeszcze potwierdzenia w faktach, lub w przypadku hipotez matematycznych nie została jeszcze poprawnie udowodniona. Stawianie i testowanie hipotez to jeden z podstawowych procesów twórczego myślenia oraz fundamentalny element procesu tworzenia nauki.
(źr. cytatów Metoda naukowa).
Tak więc, skoro oprogramowanie w swej centralnej części zawiera Model (patrz wzorzec MVC ) logiki biznesowej, to znaczy, że należy najpierw (1) zrozumieć jak działa ta organizacja i udokumentować jej model działania, (2) podjąć decyzję który obszar działania organizacji ma być wspierany nowym oprogramowaniem, i która część jej modelu działania ma być zaimplementowana w oprogramowaniu, (3) wykonać implementację.
User Story to co najwyżej materiał badawczy a Przypadki użycia to zakres projektu. Kluczem jest zrozumienie mechanizmu działania, tak jak prawa fizyki są tym co tłumaczy działanie nawet prostego młotka…
Jeżeli ktoś uważa, że zapis z obserwacji zachowania się organizacji może stanowić wymaganie dla inżyniera, to tak jak by uznał, że zapis obserwacji zachowania się samochodu i jego kierowcy może stanowić wystarczający materiał do wyprodukowania skrzyni biegów…
Teorie, które nie mogą być przetestowane, bo np. to co opisują nie jest obserwowalne, nie kwalifikują się jako teorie naukowe. Przykłady:
Księżyc zasiedlają Małe Zielone, których ani nie można zobaczyć, ani złapać ? ŹLE
Na Księżycu nie ma Małych Zielonych ? DOBRZE, łapiąc jednego można sfalsyfikować hipotezę
Polecam także źródłowy wykład: metoda naukowa .
(źr. http://www.home.umk.pl/~mwojc/wyklady_Teren/metoda%20naukowa.pdf)
Żródła
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Therefore, use a Repository, the purpose of which is to encapsulate all the logic needed to obtain object references. The domain objects won’t have to deal with the infrastructure to get the needed references to other objects of the domain. They will just get them from the Repository and the model is regaining its clarity and focus. (n.d.).
Therefore, a new concept is necessary to be introduced, one that help to encapsulate the process of complex object creation. This is called Factory. Factories are used to encapsulate the knowledge necessary for object creation, and they are especially useful to create Aggregates. When the root of the Aggregate is created, all the objects contained by the Aggregate are created along with it, and all the invariants are enforced. (n.d.).
Therefore, use Aggregates. An Aggregate is a group of associated objects which are considered as one unit with regard to data changes. The Aggregate is demarcated by a boundary which separates the objects inside from those outside. Each Aggregate has one root. The root is an Entity, and it is the only object accessible from outside. The root can hold references to any of the aggregate objects, and the other objects can hold references to each other, but an outside object can hold references only to the root object. If there are other Entities inside the boundary, the identity of those entities is local, making sense only inside the aggregate. (n.d.).
A Service should not replace the operation which normally belongs on domain objects. We should not create a Service for every operation needed. But when such an operation stands out as an important concept in the domain, a Service should be created for it. There are three characteristics of a Service: 1. The operation performed by the Service refers to a domain concept which does not naturally belong to an Entity or Value Object. 2. The operation performed refers to other objects in the domain. 3. The operation is stateless. (n.d.).
Entities are important objects of a domain model, and they should be considered from the beginning of the modeling process. It is also important to determine if an object needs to be an entity or not, which is discussed in the next pattern. (n.d.).
However, when domain-related code is mixed with the other layers, it becomes extremely difficult to see and think about. Superficial changes to the UI can actually change business logic. To change a business rule may require meticulous tracing of UI code, database code, or other program elements. Implementing coherent, model-driven objects becomes impractical. (n.d.).
In an object-oriented program, UI, database, and other support code often gets written directly into the business objects. Additional business logic is embedded in the behavior of UI widgets and database scripts. This some times happens because it is the easiest way to make things work quickly. (n.d.).
Patrz architektura heksagonalna . (n.d.).
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